1. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): A systematic process used to evaluate the potential environmental effects of a proposed project or development. It identifies both positive and negative impacts, and suggests measures to mitigate the negative ones.
2. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): A method for assessing the environmental impacts of products, services, or processes over their entire lifecycle – from raw material extraction to disposal or recycling. It provides a comprehensive view of environmental impacts and can help in making informed decisions.
3. Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Computer systems designed to capture, store, analyze, and present geographic or spatial data. These systems can be used to study and manage the environment, including monitoring changes, planning interventions, and assessing environmental impacts.
4. Environmental Management with GIS: Using GIS in environmental management involves analyzing spatial data to make decisions about environmental conservation, resource management, and sustainable development. It provides tools to visualize, analyze, and interpret data in ways that can help in understanding environmental patterns and trends.
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